How to install nmap in Kali Linux and Windows.

Nmap ("Network Mapper") is a free and open source (license) utility for network discovery and security auditing. Many systems and network administrators also find it useful for tasks such as network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and monitoring host or service uptime. Nmap uses raw IP packets in novel ways to determine what hosts are available on the network, what services (application name and version) those hosts are offering, what operating systems (and OS versions) they are running, what type of packet filters/firewalls are in use, and dozens of other characteristics. It was designed to rapidly scan large networks, but works fine against single hosts. Nmap runs on all major computer operating systems, and official binary packages are available for Linux, Windows, and Mac OS X. In addition to the classic command-line Nmap executable, the Nmap suite includes an advanced GUI and results viewer (Zenmap), a flexible data transfer, redirection, and debugging tool (Ncat), a utility for comparing scan results (Ndiff), and a packet generation and response analysis tool (Nping).
Nmap was named “Security Product of the Year” by Linux Journal, Info World, LinuxQuestions.Org, and Codetalker Digest. It was even featured in twelve movies, including The Matrix Reloaded, Die Hard 4, Girl With the Dragon Tattoo, and The Bourne Ultimatum.
Nmap is ....

• Flexible
• Powerful
• Portable
• Easy
• Free
• Well Documented
• Acclaimed
• Popular

WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR GET THE BETTER UNDERSTANDING ON HOW TO INSTALL NMAP IN LINUX AND WINDOWS..

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Concept behind 3D Holographic Projection

Three-dimensional holographic projection technology is based on an illusionary technique called Peppers Ghost. It was first used in Victorian theatres across London in the 1860s. 3D holographic projection technologyclearly has a big future ahead. Holographic projection is the new wave of technology that will change how we see things in the modern era. Three-dimensional holographic projection technology will have tremendous effects on all fields of life including business, education, science, art, and healthcare.

To understand how a 3D holographic projectorworks we need to know what a hologram is. Holography is the method we use to record patterns of light. A 3D holoprojector uses holographic technology to project large-scale, high-resolution images onto a variety of different surfaces, at different focal distances, from a relatively small-scale projection device. 

 The working of holography is divided into two phases: 

1. Recording: Recording of the hologram: Basic tools required to make a hologram includes a red laser, lenses, beam splitter, mirrors and a holographic film. Holograms are recorded in a darker environment, this is to avoid the noise interference caused by other light sources.

2. Reconstruction:  A reconstruction beam of light is used to reconstruct the object wavefront.  The reconstruction beam is positioned at the same angle as the illuminating beam that was used during the recording phase.

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Everything you must know about RFID Technology.

RFID is abbreviation of Radio Frequency Identification. RFID signifies to tiny electronic gadgets that comprise of a small chip and an antenna. This small chip is competent of accumulating approx 2000 bytes of data or information. RFID devices is used as a substitute of bar code or a magnetic strip which is noticed at the back of an ATM card or credit card, it gives a unique identification code to each item. And similar to the magnetic strip or bar code, RFID devices too have to be scanned to get the details (identifying information).
A fundamental advantage of RFID gadgets above the other stated devices is that the RFID device is not required to be placed exactly near to the scanner or RFID code reader. As all of us are well aware of the difficulty which store billers face while scanning the bar codes and but obviously the credit cards & ATM cards need to be swiped all though a special card reader. In comparison to it, RFID device can function from few feet away (approx 20 feet for high frequency devices) of the scanner machine.

Functioning Principle of RFID Device:

• RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technique facilitating identification of any product or item without the requirement of any line of sight amid transponder and reader.
• RFID Structure is continuously composed of 2 main hardware components. The transponder which is located on the product to be scanned and the reader which can be either just a reader or a read & write device, depending upon the system design, technology employed and the requirement. The RFID reader characteristically comprise of a radio frequency module, a controlling unit for configurations, a monitor and an antenna ti investigate the RFID tags. In addition, a number of RFID readers are in-built with an extra interface allowing them to forward the data received to another system (control system or PC).
• RFID Tag – The actual data carrying tool of an RFID structure, in general comprise of an antenna (coupling element) and an electronic micro-chip.

Active & Passive Tags:

Before we move ahead to the working of the RFID systems let us know what active & passive RFID tags are –

RFID is a common term employed to describe a device which is employed in transferring data with the help of radio waves. RFID tags comprise of a RFID transceiver for transferring data from one system to another. There are 2 kinds of RFID tags- Active tags & Passive tags.

Passive RFID Tags:

Passive tags comprise of 3 key components, namely, an in-built chip, a substrate and an antenna. The in-built chip is also known as a circuit and is utilized to perform some precise tasks along with accumulating data. Passive RFID tags can comprise of various kinds of micro-chips depending on the structural design of a particular tag. These chips can be MO (read only) or WORM (write once chip other than read many) or RW (read write) chip. A general RFID chip is competent of accumulating 96 bits of data but some other chips have a capacity of storing 1000-2000 bits.Passive tag has an antenna which is attached to the micro-chip. This antenna is employed for transferring data using radio waves. The passive tag’s performance is reliant on the size of the antenna. In the performance of tags the shape of the antenna also plays a significant role. The third part of the tag is substrate , the substrate is a plastic coating or Mylar which is employed to unite the antenna & the chip. Passive RFID tags are smaller in size as well as cheap on pockets too.

Active RFID Tags:

Active tags comprise of same components that exists in passive tags. They too comprise of a micro-chip and an antenna but the only comparison between the two is that the size of the micro-chip in active tags is larger than passive tags’ chip. An active tag is incorporated with a built-in power supply. Maximum of the active tags make use of batteries whereas some of them work on solar cells. The inbuilt power system facilitates the tag to be used as an independent reader which is competent of transferring information devoid of outer assistance. Active RFID tags are available with some extra features such as microprocessors, serial ports & sensors. The highly developed technology in existing in active RFID tag formulates it more capable in comparison to passive tags as the active tags can be easily employed for a large array of tasks.

RFID Micro-Chip tags are basically fabricated to function at certain frequencies which are license free.

These are:

• High Frequency (HF) 13.56 MHz
• Microwave 2.45 GHz
• Ultra High Frequency (UHF) 868-930 MHz
• Low Frequency (LF) 125-135 KHz
• Microwave 5.8 GHz

How RFID Works:

The diagram below describes the fundamental working of all RFID systems. The transponder or tag can be either active of passive tag. It reacts to the signals from the reader or writer or interrogator which in turn conveys signals to the computer.

RFID Applications:

RFID technology is used in a number of industries to carry out various tasks such as:

• Asset tracking
• Inventory management
• Controlling access to confined areas
• Personnel tracking
• Supply chain management
• ID badging
• Counterfeit forestalling (e.g., in the pharmaceutical industry)

Even though RFID technology has been in used by humans ever since from World War II, the stipulate for RFID devices is rising quickly, in fact owing to orders given by the U.S. DoD (Department of Defense ) and Wal-Mart needing their suppliers to modify products to be traced by RFID technology.

RFID is also employed in a number of other things:

• The keys to unlock your car door;
• The automatic deduction of payment while using toll booths;
• Building access systems;
• Payment cards, student ID cards and even Passports
• Wireless sensors & mesh networks.

Whether RFID technology submissiveness is necessary, applications that at present make use of bar code technology are excellent options for upgrading them to a technology that brings into play RFID or some admixture of the two technologies. RFID proffers a number of advantages in contrast to the bar code, precisely the fact is that an RFID tag can store more amount of data about a particular product than a bar code can. Additionally, RFID tags are not exposed to the afflictions that may happen with bar code labels, such as breaking and blackening.

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Facebook confirms that it spies messenger data.

Facebook revealed this week that it’s scanning users’ Messenger conversations – including text chats, pictures, and links – in an effort to ensure that people play by its rules.

CEO Mark Zuckerberg first spilled the beans in an interview with Vox’s Ezra Klein, in which he brought up an incident surrounding ethnic cleansing in Myanmar, and explained that the company’s systems “detect what’s going on” when people try to send sensational messages via Messenger, and Facebook “stops those message from going through.”

The company told Bloomberg that it analyzes Messenger conversations the same way it does with public content on the social network, with a view to prevent abuse. Messages that are flagged for violating Facebook’s community standards are read by moderators, who can then block or take them down if needed. A spokeswoman said:

For example, on Messenger, when you send a photo, our automated systems scan it using photo matching technology to detect known child exploitation imagery or when you send a link, we scan it for malware or viruses. Facebook designed these automated tools so we can rapidly stop abusive behavior on our platform.

The revelation will rightly irk many users of the platform who may have previously believed that Messenger was truly private. For what it’s worth, the company says it doesn’t analyze chats to gather data that it can sell to advertisers.

While it’s easy to say this is just another reason to ditch Facebook, it’s worth considering how the lack of oversight on such communication platforms could be harmful. In India, where Facebook-owned WhatsApp counts more than 200 million users on its encrypted messaging service, fake news, political propaganda, and other forms of misinformation frequently spread like wildfire as they do the rounds in chat groups.

The news follows Facebook’s recent privacy scandal, which saw some 87 million users’ personal information scooped up without their knowledge by a data analytics firm. Some 560,000 users in India were among those millions, having being roped in by just 335 people who used a quiz app called ‘thisisyourdigitallife’ between 2013 and 2015. In light of these incidents, Facebook went so far as to say that most of its two billion users should assume that their data has been compromised in some way.

So, should you ditch Messenger? If you’re only looking to chat with people you know, you have a bunch of options to choose from that are more private, including Signal and Telegram. But if you use Facebook to make friends with people on the platform, just know that your conversations are being monitored.

Update (April 6, 2018): Facebook issued the following statement concerning its scanning of Messenger conversations:

Keeping your messages private is the priority for us, we protect the community with automated systems that detect things like known images of child exploitation and malware. This is not done by humans. We do not listen to your voice and video calls.

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How to make your personal USB Mobile Charger.

Now the charging of your mobiles has been made easy with the help of USB outlets present in the Laptop and PC. For the charging of your mobile phone, this circuit provides you a regulated voltage of 4.7 volts. 5  volts of DC voltage and 100mA of current is being provided by the USB outlet which is well enough for the mobile phone charging slowly. We can use this circuit to charge the mobile while we are in journey also. So, we may treat it as Mobile Phone Travel The USB port of the mobile is used for the charging, as the USB port is the very helpful voltage source that can charge the mobile. Nowadays, there are two to four USB ports on the laptops that are available in the market. USB actually refers to Universal Serial Bus. It is one of the newest incarnations of method which is used to get information in as well as out from your computer. We are concerned at the fact that ±5 volts of power is being provided by the USB port to the external devices and can avail at the pin number1 while on pin number 4, it is 0V. Till 100 mA of current can get from the USB port which is more than sufficient that we required for this small application.

USB Mobile Charger Circuit Diagram:

USB Mobile Charger Circuit Diagram – ElectronicsHub.Org

Components used in this Circuit:

• R1-470E
• C1-100uF/25V
• T1-BC547
• Zener diode-4.7V/. 5W
• Diode-1N4007

 Components Description:

• Resistor: Flow of current in the circuit is being controlled by the resistor.
• Capacitor: It is mainly  used to store the charges. It is of two types polarized and non-polarized, electrolytic capacitor is an example of polarized while ceramic and paper is non polarized.
• Transistor: It used to enlarge the signal strength or to open or close the circuit.
• Zener Diode: When the voltage achieves the breakdown point it starts working but in the reverse bias state.
• Diode: It is a having two terminal named as anode and cathode. It allows the current to flow only in the forward direction while stopping the flow of current in the backward direction.

USB Mobile Charger Circuit Description:

The large number of mobile batteries work on 3.6 volts 1000 to 1300mAh.These battery are combinations of three Lithium cells whose voltage rating is 1.2 volts for each. And for charging mobile quickly there is a need of 4.5 volts and current range of 300-500 mA.

If you want to increase the efficiency of your battery than it is good to charge it slowly. The circuit which is explained below work on 4.7 regulated voltage and provide sufficient amount of current for the slow charging of your mobile phones. The voltage at the output  is harmonized by the transistor named T1. While the output voltage is being controlled by the Zener diode ZD and the polarity of the output which is supply is protected by D1.

”A type” of USB plug should be connected with the front part of the circuit. To ease the polarity identification connects pin1 to the red color wire while the black color of the wire is connected with pin 4.Now connect the output of the circuit with the appropriate charger pin to attach it with your mobile phones. After all the parts of the circuit gather together, put the USB plug in the socket and from the circuit measure the output with the help of multimeter. If you got the correct output and if the polarity is connected in the right manner then attached your mobile phone with it.

Now a days you will get a multicharger easily available marker just purchase one and charge your moble easily when you are in train or bus as every now carries laptop or note pad with them.

Note: Extreme care is needed to be taken that polarity are connected in the right manner, if it attached in wrong style it will damage the battery of your mobile phone.

For constructing USB mobile charger, there is a need of USB cable and the cable must have minimum one male plug with a strip back of about 5cm having  external padding and safeguard from the “uncovered” end of the USB cable. In general the USB cables are made up of four cables of colors red, while along with black and green ( along with the protestors). As the wire of green and white are used to transfer the data, so there is no need of that wire hence these wires can be trimmed (there we should need to pay attention that the wires within their padding and are not exposed). Typically black color wire is negative one while the red color wire is positive one. 5V is the voltage that we get from the USB port. And more than 500mA current cannot be supplied to the device that is attached to the USB port. Attached the power line with the USB plug examine the right polarity.

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How to clone a SIM card.

Before I start this guide, I would like to make one thing clear SIM CLONING is illegal. This tutorial should be used for educational purposes only.

First off a little introduction about SIM CARD:

Our SIM cards contain two secret codes or keys called (imsi value and ki value) which enables the operator to know the mobile number and authenticate the customer, these codes are related to our mobile numbers which the operators store in their vast database, it is based on these secret keys that enables the billing to be made to that customer.

SIM cloning extracting these two secret codes from the SIM and programme it into a new blank smart card (often known as wafer) since the operator authentication on SIM is based on these values, it enables us to fool the operators in thinking that it’s the original SIM, this authentication is a flaw with the GSM technology

Now which SIM cards can be cloned?

SIM cards are manufactured based on three algorithms COMP128v1, COMP128v2 and COMP128v3. It is important note currently only COMP128v1 version SIM cards can be cloned, since this is the only algorithm, which has been cracked, bear in mind that 70% of all the SIM cards we use are COMP128v1.

Cloning a card:

1. Buy a SIM card Reader.

2 Need a Blank SIM card or super SIM card

3. Download and install MagicSIM

4. Download and install USB SIM Card Reader Software3.0.1.5

6. Go in phone tools, select SIM card, then select unlock SIM, it will prompt for a code.

7 Call network provider, they will ask for your phone number, your account info, name and security code, then they will ask why you want to unlock your SIM card, just tell them you need to unlock your SIM to get it to work with your overseas phone or something.

8. Once they give you the SIM unlock code, enter it, and it will say SIM unlocked.

9. Remove the SIM from your phone, place it in the card reader, click read from card in magic SIM the application.

10. When it displays ‘connected’, select crack SIM in the toolbar. Click strong ki and select all of the other find options and then click start.

11. Once your ki is found and the crack is finished, click file, save as and save your cracked SIM info to a file.

12. IMPORTANT!!! You must click disconnect from the file menu or you will ruin your SIM card.

Once it says disconnected, remove the SIM. Put the SIM in your phone and see if it still works, it should. (If not, either you did not unlock your SIM, or you tried to copy it instead of crack and save.)

13. Insert blank 3g card USB SIM Card Reader Software3.0.1.5, not magic SIM at this point.

14. Click connect

15. It should say ‘No Info Found’ if it is truly blank.

16. Select write to SIM, it will prompt you to select a dat file, select the one you saved earlier. Now click start, it will take about 10 minutes to write it, once it is complete, it will ask for a security code, enter the security code the network provider gave you, then click finish.

17. Your card is now cloned.

It should be noted that if you try to make two calls at the same time, one will connect; the other will say call failed, both phones will get the same messages, text and voice, and both will receive the same calls, but only one can talk at a time.

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What is Port Forwarding.? How does it works.?

Since an IP address can easily be traced by anyone, most people prefer using services, like VPN or proxies to hide or change their IP address. These services employ the Port forwarding feature to change the IP address of any device.

Port forwarding, also referred to as Port tunneling, is a behind-the-scenes process of intercepting data traffic heading for a computer’s IP combination and redirecting it to a different IP. Usually, a VPN or proxy program is used to cause the redirection, but it can also be done via hardware components such as a router, proxy server, or firewall.

This allows you to send requests to servers across the internet without other people knowing the original location or IP address of these requests, guaranteeing your privacy on the internet.

How does port forwarding work?

To send any request over the internet, packets of data are created and sent over the internet. These packets contain the details of your request, which also includes the destination of your computer or device.

Normally, a network router examines the header of an IP packet before sending it to any linked and appropriate interface. It, in turn, then sends the data to the destination that’s in the header.

But Port forwarding changes things a bit. In port forwarding, the intercepting application (your VPN client) reads the packet header, notes down the destination, and then rewrites the header information before sending it to another computer or server—one which is different from the computer/server you intended.

That secondary host destination may be a different server using a different IP address, a different port, or a completely different combination of the two. In case of a VPN or proxy, this secondary destination are usually the servers employed by the provider which mask or cover your original IP address.

A look at port forwarding

The following example will help in explaining how the port forwarding feature works.

In the following example, IP Address 101.0.0.1 sends a request to 101.0.0.3 on Port 90. An intermediary host—101.0.0.2—intercepts the packets, rewrites the packet headers and sends them on to IP Address 101.0.0.4 on Port 9090:

101.0.0.1	–>	101.0.0.2	–>	101.0.0.4
	Makes a request to		Actually sends to
	101.0.0.3:90		101.0.0.4:9090

The host, 101.0.0.4, responds to this request, sending it to 101.0.0.2. Then 101.0.0.2 rewrites the packet—indicating that the response is from 101.0.0.3—and sends it to 101.0.0.1:

101.0.0.4	–>	101.0.0.2	–>	101.0.0.1
	Sends its response to		Forwards the response to
	101.0.0.2:9090		101.0.0.1:90

As far as 101.0.0.1 is concerned, it has sent a request to 101.0.0.3 on Port 90 and has received a response back from 101.0.0.3 on Port 90. But this isn’t what actually happened. The traffic never really touched 101.0.0.3. But, because of the way the packets were rewritten, 101.0.0.1 sees that it has gotten a response from 101.0.0.3.

The perceived destination is always from the perspective of the requesting computer. As you can see in the diagram: despite 101.0.0.4 becoming the real-time destination for traffic from 101.0.0.1, the destination for all traffic (as far as the requesting host knows) is 101.0.0.3.

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