Facebook, the company that accidentally killed fact-based
reality, almost upgraded itself to “accidental species extinction”
during a deep learning experiment. In an exercise known as a generative
adversarial network, which pitted one artificial intelligence (AI)
against another AI, the researchers writing the terms of the contest
forgot one little thing: “there was no reward to sticking to English
language.”
As a result, the AIs innovated a more efficient method of
communication for their purposes. As you can see in the “conversation”
below, this language is relatively incomprehensible to humans.
“This isn’t so different from
the way communities of humans create shorthands,” said Dhruv Batra, a
visiting research scientist from Georgia Tech at Facebook AI Research
(FAIR). The one crucial difference here is processing power. “It’s
perfectly possible for a special token to mean a very complicated
thought,” Batra said. “The reason why humans have this idea of
decomposition, breaking ideas into simpler concepts, it’s because we
have a limit to cognition.”
Luckily, Facebook shut the robot revolution down before it could begin.
However, did they act too hastily? In his article,
Fast Company’s Mike Wilson discusses some of the advantages of letting
computers write their own languages. First off, computers solve problems
better when the data they’re fed is in “a format that makes sense for
machine learning,” rather than convoluted English. Second, in a world
where computers can speak to each other without human intervention, we
could eliminate the need for APIs to facilitate one program working with
another.
The con here, of course, is that the little baby Terminators
we’re breeding could start talking about us behind our backs. They
could plot to overthrow us in terms we wouldn’t be able to translate.
Maliciously trained AIs – say, those incentivized to destabilize an
electric grid – could independently communicate with vulnerable systems
in an indecipherable language which would make it very difficult for
human hackers to understand what happened and troubleshoot. There’d be
no 404 error codes in this AI-to-AI language. ONLY T-800s.
Radio-Frequency Identification is the use of radio waves to read,
capture, and interact with information stored on a tag. Tags are usually
attached to objects, and can be read from several feet away.
Furthermore, the tag doesn’t always have to be in the direct
line-of-sight to initiate interaction.
An RFID tag is an easy way to assign a unique identity to an object.
Additionally, they do not need an internal power source, while a tag can
be as small as a grain of black pepper. Meaning they are easily
embedded almost anywhere — hence their popularity.
How Does RFID Work?
A basic RFID system comprises two parts: the tag, and the reader.
Tag
The RFID tag has an embedded transmitter and receiver. The actual
RFID component contained in a tag has two parts: an integrated circuit
for storing and processing information, and an antenna to receive and
transmit a signal. The RFID tag has non-volatile memory storage, and can
included either fixed or programmable logic for processing transmission
and sensor data.
Tags can be passive, active, or battery-assistive passive.
A passive tag is the cheapest option, and features no battery. The tag uses radio energy transmitted by the reader.
An active tag features an onboard battery, periodically transmitting its credentials.
A battery-assistive passive tag also features a small onboard battery, but is only activated when in the presence of an RFID reader.
Furthermore, a tag may be either read-only, or read/write. A read-only tag has a factory assigned serial number used for identification in a database, while a read/write tag can have specific custom data written to the tag by the user.
Reader
The RFID reader features a two-way radio transmitted-reciever
(transciever), sometimes referred to as an interrogator. The transceiver
transmits an encoded radio signal to interogate the tag. The radio
signal essentially wakes or activates the tag. In turn, the tag
transponder converts the radio signal into usable power, and responds to
the reader.
Types of RFID System
We generally classify the type of RFID system by the type of tag and reader. There are three common combinations:
Passive Reader Active Tag (PRAT): The reader is passive, only receiving radio signals from an active
tag. Because the tag is battery powered, the transmit/reception range
can be from 0-2,000 feet (0-600m). As such, PRAT is a flexible RFID
solution.
Active Reader Passive Tag (ARPT): The reader is active, transmitting an interrogator radio signal, receiving authentication signal replies from passive tags.
Active Reader Active Tag (ARAT): The reader is active, and interacts with active or battery-assistive passive tags.
In addition to the RFID system type, RFID uses a set of regulated
frequency bands. See the frequency band table below for an understanding
of certain frequencies and their uses.
What is OPID?
Optical RFID (OPID) is an RFID alternative that uses optical readers.
OPID operates in the electromagnetic spectrum between the frequencies
of 333 THz and 380 THz.
How Much Data?
The amount of information stored on an RFID tag varies. For instance,
a passive tag may only store up to 1024 bytes of information — that’s
just one kilobyte (KB). Laughable in terms of modern storage capacity,
but enough to store a full name, identification number, birthday, SSN,
credit card information, and so much more. The aerospace industry,
however, use passive ultra-high frequency RFID tags with 8KB storage to
track part history over time. These could store a massive amount of
personal data on.
Common RFID Uses
RFID tags are everywhere. Because they’re easily attached to almost
anything, have no power requirement, and are potentially minute, they
are used in all walks of life, including:
Goods management and tracking
Person and animal tracking
Contactless payments
Travel documents
Barcodes and security tags
Healthcare data management
Timing
Security
The sudden surge in RFID has created security issues, too. Most
recently, the advent of contactless payment cards featuring an RFID tag
has come under scrutiny. Nefarious individuals were “skimming” payments
from contactless cards using portable payment terminals, all while the
RFID-enabled card resides in the targets pocket or wallet. If you’re
worried about this type of fraud, check out Joel Lee’s run-down on RFID blocking wallets.
In the U.K., another example involves RFID tags
stored in passports. When first introduced, the encryption on the new
U.K. passport was cracked within 48 hours. Additionally, reports emerged
that criminals were stealing post containing a new passport, scanning the RFID tag for the data, and then sending them on their way.
Java is one of the best programming languages for development. The
popularity and usage of Java are still increasing even after two decades
which is a big time for any Programming language. There are only a few
programming languages which seem hard to get replaced and Java is one of
them.Here are 5 reasons why java is one of the best programming language.
Why is Java the best programming Language?
1. Object Orientation
Java is an object-oriented programming language that supports all
principles like Data Abstraction, Encapsulation, Polymorphism,
Overloading, Overriding, and Inheritance. Which makes it as powerful as
C++. We all know C++ is the extended version of C programming. Thus, it
makes Java better than C programming.
2. Rich API
Another big reason to learn Java is it’s Rich API. Java provides API
for almost everything you need in development like I/O, networking,
utilities, XML parsing, database connection etc. Whatever left is
covered by open source libraries like Apache Commons, Google Guava, and
others.
3. Great collection of Open Source libraries
The big organisations like Apache, Google, and others has contributed
to add a lot of great libraries, which makes Java development very
easy, faster and cost effective.
4. Platform Independent and Free
In the 1990s, this was the main reason for Java’s popularity. The
idea of platform independence is great, and Java’s tagline “write once
run anywhere” was enticing enough to attract lots of new development in
Java. This is still one of the reason of Java being best programming
language, most of Java applications are developed in Windows environment
and run in UNIX platform.
Java is free from the start, i.e. you don’t need to pay anything to
create Java application. This FREE thing also helped Java to become
popular among individual programmers, and among large organisations.
5. Wonderful Community and Documentation
There is Java community to help beginners, advanced and even expert
Java programmers. Java actually promotes taking and giving back to
community habit. Lots of programmers, who use open source, tester etc.
The expert programmer provides advice FREE at various Java forums and
StackOverflow. This is simply amazing and gives a lot of confidence to a
newbie in Java.
Javadoc made learning easy and provide an excellent reference while
coding in Java. With an advent of IDE, you don’t even need to look
Javadoc explicitly in a browser, but you can get all information in your
IDE window itself.
Final Notes
Java is everywhere, it’s on the desktop, it’s on mobile, it’s on a card, almost everywhere and so is Java programmers.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE) Like Eclipse and Netbeans made
Java development much easier, faster and fluent. It’s easy to search,
refactor and read code using IDEs.
In our previous article, we have mentioned 10 best android applications for programmers.
These Android applications can help you to increase your programming
knowledge and coding practice. In this article, I am going to share top 5
Android applications to Learn Hacking from your mobile phone.
Many people are using smartphones for study purpose and there are
many Android apps for that. When it comes to Learn Hacking from your
phone, people do not have much knowledge to share.
Hacking Tutorial v2 is a step by step guide that explains various
hacking techniques. This app presents tried and tested tutorials for
beginners looking for a way into the hacking universe. This app shows
you the easiest, most direct ways to safely perform a given hack, how it
works, and most importantly how to protect yourself against them.
Features
All hacking tutorials are guaranteed to work
A Chatroom to discuss hacking with fellow learners
The aim of this application is either to help people begin to learn
about hacking or to see how hackers work, how they can attack and How to
protect yourself. This app explains the every possible hacking
technique and shows how to perform them. It teaches you:
Whitebook is a growing community of White Hat Hackers or so Called the
Security Professionals, We Begin with tutorials and Techniques to become
a Security Professional and Later Will Grow as a Community where with
jobs updates, Project Updates, Support and everything related to Cyber
Security to our user.
HACK HACKERS is an extraordinary tutorial app that will save you from
getting hacked and save your personal details from being misused. It provides the knowledge of how to:
Secure your Wi-Fi password and Wireless Router
Secure your IP address
Prevent your FB account from being hacked
Secure your email account
Make up a password that is both secure and memorable
Secure your WhatsApp chat
Hacking precautions
Precautions for hacked websites
Secure a pen drive?
Protect your private information on FB
How to protect me when online Five Ways to Download Torrents Anonymously
How to hide your IP Address?
The source of information is technotification.com and for more queries you can comment us below.
SQL (Structured Query Language) is a fourth-generation language
(4GL) that is used to define, manipulate, and control an RDBMS
(relational database management system).
Before starting the main article, let us get familiar with the used tools.
Compiler: Code::Blocks IDE with MinGW compiler
Download Link:Binary Download
Code::Blocks is a cross compiler (It can run on any platform like
Windows, Linux and Mac) and it is free to download. This IDE is
specially designed for C and C++ and easy to use.
SQLAPI++ is a C++ library (basically a
set of header files) for accessing multiple SQL databases (Oracle, SQL
Server, DB2, Sybase, Informix, InterBase, SQLBase, MySQL, PostgreSQL,
SQLite, SQL Anywhere and ODBC). It is easy to implement and simple.
OCCI: Oracle C++ Call Interface
Download Link: OCCI C++ Download
OCCI is an interface defined by the database company ORACLE that defines
a comfortable interfacefor the C++ programmer to access the Oracle
database with classes using parameters that are reminiscent of SQL
statements. The interface exists for ORACLE 9i, ORACLE 10 and comes with
the Oracle.
We must download and install the above three (if we don’t have them). Now we are almost ready to start.
Some settings before starting:
-> Open the code::blocks IDE and go to or click on settings -> compiler and debugger settings (You will now see global compiler settings)
-> Now click on “Linker settings” in the linker settings click on ADD button and add the following
For Windows OS :
Code:
C:\SQLAPI\lib\libsqlapiddll.a
C:\Program Files\CodeBlocks\MinGW\lib\libuser32.a
C:\Program Files\CodeBlocks\MinGW\lib\libversion.a
C:\Program Files\CodeBlocks\MinGW\lib\liboleaut32.a
C:\Program Files\CodeBlocks\MinGW\lib\libole32.a
These will be found in your SQLAPI++ (If you have not extracted in C:
drive then select the appropriate location and add the mentioned files
to linker settings).
The above code is used to add library files to connect C/C++ program with SQLAPI.
Basically, there are 2 steps:
Connecting to database (and error handling) Code:
// C++ pgroram for connecting to database (and error handling)
#include<stdio.h>
#include<SQLAPI.h> // main SQLAPI++ header
intmain(intargc, char* argv[])
{
// create connection object to connect to database
SAConnection con;
try
{
// connect to database
// in this example, it is Oracle,
// but can also be Sybase, Informix, DB2
// SQLServer, InterBase, SQLBase and ODBC
con.Connect ("test", // database name
"tester", // user name
"tester", // password
SA_Oracle_Client); //Oracle Client
printf("We are connected!\n");
// Disconnect is optional
// autodisconnect will occur in destructor if needed
It is one thing to come up with a wacky idea for transforming our cities or constructing the world’s greatest supervillain evil lair; another to have the expertise and inclination to actually research and build one for real. A new research project coming out of the Netherlands quite handily ticks both boxes. Developed by researchers at the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN), their idea is to develop giant artificial islands like today’s floating docks — only on a much, much bigger scale. Like, several miles wide bigger.
And they may just pull it off, too.
“With the world’s increasing population there is not necessarily enough space in the cities, or close to the coast where a lot of people live and work,” Olaf Waals, project manager and the concept developer, told Digital Trends. “These are also areas that are susceptible to flooding with rising sea levels. We thought it was an interesting idea to look at the technical feasibility of building floating mega islands. There are lots of futuristic concepts out there for floating harbors, farms, or cities. We wanted to look at how realistic a proposition this actually is, and come up with a workable concept.”
Waals’ idea involves modular giant triangles which lock together to form sizeable land masses, up to 3.1 miles in width. At least in theory, it is a pretty nifty idea. Given that 70 percent of our planet is covered by water, floating mega islands offer a whole lot more space to play with. They could be used for housing and recreation, or for the generation and storage of sustainable energy technologies like offshore wind farms, tidal energy, and floating solar panels, or for floating farms for breeding fish and seaweed.
Right now, the MARIN team is busy running computer simulations and testing a physical scale model to try and better understand the environmental conditions such a mega island would have to contend with. These potential challenges involve working out how to develop structures that are strong and safe enough to withstand winds and currents; how best to connect them together and to the seabed; and the environmental impact a water-bound floating community would have on its surroundings.
With a consortium of around 20 companies and research institutes now attached, work on the project is set to continue for the next three years. And after that? Our childhood dream of a real-life Waterworld hopefully becomes a reality.
Is it too early to start an online petition to get Kevin Costner appointed as mayor of the first floating mega city? We think not!
It may sound counterintuitive, but Alphabet’s life sciences unit Verily is releasing about 20 million mosquitoes in Fresno, California in order to fight Zika, the mosquito-borne illness. It’s part of Verily’s Debug Project, an initiative announced last October with the mission of reducing “the devastating global health impact that disease-carrying mosquitoes inflict on people around the world.” And now, Verily is launching Debug Fresno, the company’s first field study in the U.S. that will test a mosquito control method that involves sterile insect technique.
In essence, the 20 million mosquitoes Verily is releasing are all sterile males that have been treated with Wolbachia, a naturally occurring bacterium. The test is said to be the largest release of sterile male mosquitoes in the U.S. thus far. Over the next 20 weeks, these bugs will be released in two neighborhoods around 300 acres large. The hope is that when these sterile males mate with wild females, which can carry and transmit a number of diseases including Zika, dengue, and chikungunya, the resulting eggs will not hatch. Verily will determine the success of its test by comparing the adult population density and egg hatching of this particular kind of mosquito in the targeted neighborhoods to two control neighborhoods.
And don’t worry — male mosquitoes do not bite, so even though you might be seeing more of these critters around, you won’t be itching as a result.
Linus Upson, a senior engineer at Verily, told the MIT Technology Review that this could ultimately become a cost effective way to control mosquito populations, and get rid of diseases (though he didn’t say how much exactly this experiment actually costs). “If we really want to be able to help people globally, we need to be able to produce a lot of mosquitoes, distribute them to where they need to be, and measure the populations at very, very low costs,” he said. “We want to show this can work in different kinds of environments,” he told the magazine.
Alphabet, the holding company in charge of Google, rebranded its Google Life Sciences team as Verily at the end of 2015, and said the team would move away from Google and become its own independent division.
So look out, Fresno. You may hear a lot more buzzing in the coming weeks, but rest assured, it’s all for good purpose.
When you have such an attractive interface, using Command Prompt might
seem like a old fashioned thing. When you can easily navigate to a
location or access different settings in your PC customize them, why go
for complex commands and a dull interface? Well, it might not be as bad
as one might think. Command Prompt might be a bit complex, but it makes
all the manual tweaking just a single command’s work. The
current users of Command Prompt understand how powerful it is, which is
why they don’t mind learning few tricks or commands to take care of
daily work in a snap. So learning at least basics of Command Prompt is
worth saving few seconds of extra work everyday.
We have created this list of Command
Prompt commands and tricks that may help you work better. Whether you
just started using Command Prompt or you are a regular user, you should
be able to find a trick to ease things up a bit.
Some Useful Command Prompt Tricks
1. Get help on almost every Command
This is especially helpful for
beginners, but advanced users may get to learn few things too. You can
easily get info on almost every command you provide in the Command
Prompt. Information includes complete details of what a command does and
what process are used, it may also show some examples. To get the help, just type “/?” at the end of the command of which you need info. For example, you can type “ipconfig/?”, and you will get all the info.
2. Use Function Keys
You can use function keys (F1, F2,
F3, etc.) right inside command prompt and get different results. Below
are the uses of functions keys in Command Prompt:
F1: Pastes per character last used command
F2: Pastes last used command only to a specified command character
F3: Pastes Last used command
F4: Delete command only to a specified command character
F5: Pastes last used command without cycling
F6: Pastes ^Z
F7: Provides a list of already used commands (selectable)
F:8 Pastes cycleable used commands
F9: Will let you paste command from the list of recently used commands
3. Save a Command to a File
If you want to save results of a
command to a .txt for future reference, then it is quite easy as well.
All you need to do is add “> (destination/file name with .txt extension)” at the end of the command you are about to execute.
For example, you can type “ipconfig > c:\Networkdetails.txt”, this command will create a .txt file in C drive with name “Networkdetails”.
4. Copy Data from the Command Prompt
Copying data from the Command Prompt
isn’t just a Ctrl+C away, the process is actually different. It is not
that hard, just right click anywhere in the window and click on “Mark” from the menu. After that, just select the text you want to copy and hit Enter to copy it. Important Note: With Windows 10, Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V
commands to copy/paste has been enabled in Command Prompt. So you don’t
need to follow the above process, if you are using Windows 10. Also, In
Windows 10 keyboard shortcuts for CMD are enabled by default which
wasn’t the case with earlier version of Windows.
5. Cycle Through Folders
Specifying exact directories can be a
bit frustrating task if you don’t have the destination copied. However,
if you just know in which drive or folder the required folder is
located, then you can cycle through all the folders to reach it. To do
this, just type specified drive and start press TAB key on your keyboard
to cycle through all the folders inside it.
6. Use QuickEdit Mode
Command Prompt comes with QuickEdit
Mode to quickly copy and paste content with just your right-click. In
QuickEdit mode, you can highlight content and right-click to copy it or
right-click in a blank area to paste content from the clipboard (if
there is any).
To enable QuickEdit Mode, right-click on the top of the Command Prompt interface (where exit button is located) and select “Properties”. In the properties, check the checkbox next to “QuickEdit Mode” to enable it (you will have to disable it later).
7. Check IP address of any Website
You can see IP address of any website
just by entering “nslookup” command along with the name of the website.
For example, you can type “nslookup beebom.com” to find its IP address.
8. Execute Multiple Commands
You can easily execute one command
after another by provide all the commands and putting “&&”
between each command (may save some time). For example, you can type “ipconfig && dir” to execute both commands one after another.
9. Check Default Programs
You can check which applications are used to open specific types of programs. For this purpose, just type “assoc”
in the Command Prompt and hit enter. You will see all the extensions
and their associated program that opens them written next to them.
10. Get PC Drivers List
You can open list of all the drivers installed on your PC with just a single command. Just type “driverquery”
in the Command Prompt and press Enter. After a short delay, you will
see all the drivers installed in your PC along with, Name, Type and Link
date.
11. Scan System Files
The system files can also be scanned and repaired from the Command Prompt. Type “sfc/scannow”
and press enter, the scan will start and may take quite some time
depending on your PC speed (up to an hour may be). It will either
automatically repair the files or let you know if there is a problem and
provide its details.
12. Change Command Prompt Color
You can also change command prompt
color to make it look less dull and a bit easy on the eyes. To do so,
right-click at the top corners of Command Prompt and select “Properties” from the menu. In the properties, navigate to “Colors” tab and you will find all the options to change color of both text and background.
13. Create Undelete-able Folders
You can create undeletable folders
using specific set of keywords. In the Command Prompt, type the name of
the drive where you want to create the folder (it must not have Windows
installed in it). After that, type any of these keywords “md con\” or “md lpt1\” and press Enter. So it should look something like this “D: md con\”. This will create a folder with the same name that could not be deleted or renamed. To delete the folder replace “md con\” with “rd con\” or “md lpt1\” with “rd lpt1\”.
14. Get Network Details
You can get quick network details, like IP address and subnet mask or Default Gateway with a single command. Type “ipconfig” and press Enter, you will see all the details of your network.
15. Hide Files and Folders using Command Prompt
You can hide folder with the help of
Command Prompt that cannot be accessed using the traditional hide
feature of Windows. To do this, type the drive name where the folder is
located and then enter this command “Attrib +h +s +r” and afterwards, enter the name of the file/folder you want to hide. So it should look something like this “D: Attrib +h +s +r haider”. If the folder is inside another
folder, then the command must come before the folder/file you want to
hide not just after the Drive name. To again see the folder, use the
same process above but change the command to “Attrib -h -s -r” from “Attrib +h +s +r”.
16. Compare Two Files
You can also compare two text files in command prompt and see the
difference. The results won’t be as good as third-party available file
comparison tools, but it is worth a shot and fun do!
All you need to do is type “FC” command and then enter directories of
both text files (the files must be in .txt format for proper working).
For example, you can type “fc C:\haider\sample1.txt C:\haider\sample2.txt” and hit enter to get comparison of both files with answer such as, files are different or both files are identical.
In the above example, “C:” is the drive where text file is located,
“haider” is the name of the folder in which the text file in located and
“Sample1.txt” is name of the text file. Both files can be located
anywhere in your PC, you just need to provide the right directory.
If both the files have different content then running this command
will show the different content and if both the files have exact same
content, the command will return this message ‘no difference
encountered’.
17. Watch Star Wars Episode IV
This is a really cool trick, although not productive, but fun to do.
You can actually watch the famous Star Wars Episode IV right inside your
Command prompt. It will be an ASCII version so don’t hope for a HD
movie.
The process is simple, open Command Prompt and enter this command “telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl” and hit Enter. The movie will start automatically without any delay. Note: Make sure Telnet is enabled in your PC, you can get information to install and enable Telnet from Microsoft website.
18. Create Wi-Fi Hotspot using Command Prompt
You don’t need any third-party apps to create a Wi-Fi hotspot to
share your PCs internet, you can easily do so from the Command Prompt.
In the Command Prompt, enter the following command to enable Wi-Fi Hotspot.
“netsh wlan set hostednetwork mode=allow ssid=Hotspotname key=password”
Once enabled, you can start the Wi-Fi hotspot by entering the command “netsh wlan start hostednetwork” or stop it by entering the command “netsh wlan stop hostednetwork“.
You will also need to share your internet connection to this hotspot for everyone to use. Go to “Network and Sharing” option from the “Control Panel” and then click on “Change adaptor settings” in the left panel.
Here, right click on the internet connection you are using and click on “Properties“. In the properties, go to sharing tab and check the option “Allow other network users to connect through this computer’s internet connection” to share your internet connection. Note: Using Administrator privileges for CMD is must to run this command otherwise it will show an error.
These CMD tricks will definitely help you understand Command Prompt in a
better way. If you happen to know some other trick which is worthy of a
mention in the post, let us know in comments section.
We all know that getting placed in Google is one of the most
desirable employers in the world. Engineers at Google are the masters,
and their salary is high enough. For Google employees salaries for
Interns start from $70,000 to $90,000. Whereas for the software
engineers can get from $118,000 and senior software engineers would make
up for an average of amount $152,985.
Not only Google top companies like Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft
pays a good amount of salaries to the Software engineers. But, getting
placed in good companies is not an easy job and takes in a lot of skill.
A lot of good skills are required from a software engineer background
to get placed in the large enterprises. Happily, Google has released a
list of skills required that they expect from an engineer who applies
for a job at Google. The list will help to secure job in Google and
other top companies if you follow and improve the list.
Check the list below:
1. First and foremost thing to do is Mastering the foundation. Go
through an introduction to CS classes, from sites like Coursera or
Udacity and improve your foundation skills.
2. Learn any one of the object-oriented programming languages like Java, C++, or Python.
3. Don’t restrict your limits learn few other programming languages
like CSS, Ruby, JavaScript, and HTML. These programming languages will
help to improve your skill levels. CodeAcademy and W3school have the
best tutorials to learn.
4. Always Test your code and others too. It is like finding your
mistake and being smart. Google wants developers to “Find bugs, make
tests, and play with software.” Head over to Udacity.
5. Have a good grip in abstract math. Abstract Math is a math like
logical reasoning and discrete math. This helps a lot of computer
science depends on the situation. MIT has good mathematics courses
available for computer science.
6. Understand data structures and algorithms. Google wants engineers
to learn about data types like queues, stacks, and bags, as well as
grasp, sorting algorithms like merge sort, quicksort, and heapsort. MIT
provides these prescribed online resources.
7. Having good knowledge on the operating system because it is where
you do most of your work at. The University of California and Berkeley
provides the courses.
8. Know Artificial Intelligence. It is known from long time Google loves AI and robots. Stanford has courses on it.
9. Learn to develop compilers. By learning to develop compilers, you
will learn how a program is written in a high-level language designed
for humans is systematically translated into a program written in
low-level assembly more suited to machines. Coursera is best for
learning about compilers.
10. Learn about cryptography. These days cyber security has become a crucial part. Udacity and Coursera provide courses.
11. Learn about the parallel programming because being able to carry
out a lot of computations at the same time is super powerful. The
University of Illinois has good courses on it.
Internet has become an integral part of everyone’s life, as
connectivity has become important these days. As a result, the in-flight
announcement to switch off our electronic devices or put it on airplane
mode while on board can become a hitch if you have to finish last
minute presentations, or check e-mails, or surf through social media
sites on the go.
In order to make the flight experience a
less stressful and an enjoyable one, the first in-flight Wi-Fi services
started in 2008 when Virgin America introduced Gogo’s Inflight Wi-Fi
facility in its fleet of airplanes. Gogo Inc. is a provider of in-flight
broadband Internet service and other connectivity services for
commercial and business aircraft, headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.
With
the efforts taken by Gogo and the various technologies it adapts to
provide in-flight Wi-Fi, has helped a lot of airlines improve their on
board services with the growing demand of always being connected. 17
airlines partner with Gogo to provide in-flight Wi-Fi, including British
Airways, Aer Lingus, Iberia, Gol linhas aereas, Beijing Capital,
Aeromexico, American Airlines, Air Canada, Alaska Airlines, Delta Air
Lines, Japan Airlines, JTA, United Airlines, Hainan Airlines, Virgin
America, Vietnam Airlines and Virgin Atlantic.
So,
how does exactly the Wi-Fi in an airplane work? Basically, there are
two primary methods to enable a passenger with Internet connection on an
airplane: Air-to-Ground and Satellite.
ATG (Air-To-Ground)
As the name suggests, ATG is the means by which people on
the ground and those in airborne vehicles communicate with each other.
ATG are similar to cell phone towers albeit much larger and are designed
for domestic travel over land. The ground-based mobile broadband towers
send signals up to an aircraft’s antennas. An antenna located on the
bottom of the plane transmits and receives signals to and from towers on
the ground (low-power ground transceivers). As the plane travels into
different sections of airspace, the plane automatically connects to
signals from the nearest tower, so there is no interruption to your
browsing. However, if you are passing over large bodies of water or
particularly remote terrain, connectivity can be an issue.
Also,
Gogo has rolled out the newest generation system ATG-4 technology that
takes advantage of multiple antennas—four of them, arranged
strategically along the fuselage—to grab signals and offer faster
speeds, whose bandwidth is up to 9.8 megabits per second (Mbps) per
airplane (shared across all users), which is enough for email and casual
web surfing.
Satellite
Unlike
ATG networks, satellite networks can provide the aircraft with
connectivity anywhere around the globe – over land or over water. A
small satellite antenna located on the top of the plane’s fuselage under
a bubble-shaped radome communicates with a satellite in orbit above the
earth. That satellite, which maintains an endless connection with a
ground station, acts as a bridge to supply the plane with a live link to
the Internet. The nearest satellite in orbit supplies the connection to
the plane as the plane moves along its defined route.
With the amount of available bandwidth increasing along with
the frequency, satellite networks transmit data at different frequency
bands. The two common bandwidths used for in-flight connectivity today
are L-band and Ku-band. L-band – sometimes referred to as narrowband – has an operating frequency range of 1–2 GHz in the radio spectrum and
has only 30 MHz allocated for use. The L band is one of the chief
operating ranges used by various applications such as radars, global
positioning systems (GPS), radio, telecommunications and aircraft
surveillance. Comparatively, Ku-band networks utilize 500 MHz of
frequency bandwidth between 11-14.5 GHz. Both narrowband and broadband
networks are capable of providing global satellite coverage.
With
a frequency range of 19-31 GHz and 500 MHz allocated for use, major air
carriers are now starting to install cob Ka-band satellite antennas
that have to reach hundreds of megabytes per second, enough for
streaming even on an occupied plane where many people are trying to
connect.
